Journal of Research in Weed Science

Abstract Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a notorious weed, which significantly reduce yield and quality of crops and causes several problems to human health. In, present study an attempt was made to understand the economic value, and survival nature of Parthenium through deep transcriptome analysis. Transcriptome analysis of leaf and root tissue of P. hysterophorus had resulted 7,832,143 reads in case of leaves, and 9,646,830 reads in case of roots sample with longest read length of 300 and 298 nucleotides, respectively. A total of 35,719 contigs were produced with an average length of 548bp after an assembly in all two samples. The Blastn of the above generated contigs with 61,901 sequences of P. argentatum resulted in the identification of 25,947 novel contigs specific to P. hysterophorus. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway based analysis showed the expression of genes associated with pathways pertaining to biosynthesis of Glucosinolate, Amino acids, and Aminobenzoate degradation etc. The expression pattern of genes like Artemisinic aldehyde Delta (11(13)) reductase, Codeine O-demethylase, Taraxerol synthase, and Curculin-2 related to biosynthetic of therapeutic importance pathways was also evidenced. Further, the heavy metal accumulator property of P. hysterophorus was also studied. Expression analysis of heavy metal transporters such as ferrous ion transport protein B, and zinc transporter in roots was also validated with its heavy metal transport activity. This investigation provides new insights for functional studies of P. hysterophorus genes involved in biosynthesis of therapeutically important secondary metabolites, and other possible uses such as raw material for rubber industry.

Abstract Eleusine indica population at oil palm estate in the Asahan Regency has never been reported to being resistant to glyphosate and paraquat. This research was aimed to the resistance classification of E. indica population to glyphosate from one of oil palm estate in the Asahan Regency and to find out of glyphosate-resistant Eleusine (GRE) biotype has been also resistant to paraquat. This research was conducted on Weed Research Center Land, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan from September 2017 until May 2018. Single resistance evaluation of E. indica population was performed using glyphosate at the dose 720 g a.i.ha^-1. However the multiple resistance of GRE biotype was performed using paraquat at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 g a.i.ha^-1 and glyphosate at rates of 0, 720, 1440, 2880, and 5760 g a.i.ha^-1. Susceptible-population (ESU-0) was taken at ball field of Politeknik Negeri Medan (Medan City) as a comparison. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and followed by Duncan test at level 5% using IBM SPSS Statistics software. The results showed that E. indica populations from one of oil palm estate in the Asahan Regency had survival of 81.48% (classified as glyphosate-resistant) and the dry weight of 24.35 g. Glyphosate at the dose 2880 g a.i.ha^-1 and paraquat at the dose 200 g a.i.ha^-1 were effectively (100%) controlled survival, tillers.pot^-1, fresh weight.pot^-1, dry weight.pot^-1 and mortality of GRE biotype. The resistance index value of GRE biotype to glyphosate and paraquat of 4.91- and 1.26-fold, respectively compared to susceptible plants.